Navigating Uncharted Childhood in the Absence of Parental Anchor
Keywords:
parental anchor, left behind children, childhood without parents, parental absenceAbstract
This is a qualitative study on children growing up in the absence of both parents focusing on their childhood experiences. Given that the study aimed to explore and interpret the personal experiences of children growing up without parental anchors, a phenomenological design will allow to delve deeply into their subjective experiences and the meanings they attach to these experiences. This particularly focused on the children’s relationship with their parents or guardians and peers, their perceived challenges, coping mechanisms, and aspirations in life. This involved 12 orphans and LBC in Misamis Occidental aging 11 to 17 years, all attending basic education. The study employed semi-structured interviews with interview protocol developed by the researchers of this study. The findings underscore the resilience and adaptability of children facing familial adversity, highlighting the pivotal role of extended family members or guardians in providing stability, care, and guidance. While challenges such as emotional struggles and societal comparisons persist, participants demonstrate a remarkable capacity for coping and maintaining hopeful outlooks for the future.
View or download full article here.
View or download full issue here.
Recommended Citation:
Donaire, A. M., Ente, R. L., Fuentes, R. P., LaBad, R. B., Lebosada, M. E. N. & Omandam, M. B. (2025). Navigating Uncharted Childhood in the Absence of Parental Anchor. Ennoia Advances in Social Science, Technology and Education, 01(01), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14620882
References
Alhazmi, A. A. & Kaufmann, A. (2022). Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134
Annor, F. B., Amene, E. W., Zhu, L., Stamatakis, C., Picchetti, V., Matthews, S., Miedema, S. S., Brown, C., Thorsen, V. C., Manuel, P., Gilbert, L. K., Kambona, C., Coomer, R., Trika, J., Kamuingona, R., Dube, S. R., & Massetti, G. M. (2024). Parental absence as an adverse childhood experience among young adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect, 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106556
Bigornia, M. L. M. (2022, November 29). Misamis Occidental’s economy rebounds, growing by 4.0 percent in 2021. Philippine Statistics Authority Region X - Northern Mindanao. https://rsso10.psa.gov.ph/content/misamis-occidentals-economy-rebounds-growing-40-percent-2021
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2015). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1). 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Fatima, S., Bashir, M., Khan, K., Farooq, S., Shoaib, S., & Farhan, S. (2021). Effect of presence and absence of parents on the emotional maturity and perceived loneliness in adolescents. Journal of Mind and Medical Science, 8(2): 259-266. https://doi.org/10.22543/7674.82.P259266
Fu, M., Bo, W. V., Xue, Y., & Yuan, T. F. (2017). Parental Absence Accompanies Worse Academic Achievements: Evidence Based upon a Sample of Left-Behind Children in Rural China. Frontiers in Education, 2(38). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2017.00038
Høgenes, C., & Daling, E. S. S. (2023). Parental Absence and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents: The Impact of Parental Support and Self-Efficacy. The Department of Psychology, University of Oslo. https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/104052/Parental
-Absence-and-Life-Satisfaction-in-Adolescents.pdf
Jiang, Y., Xiao, H., & Yang, F. (2023). Accompanying your children: Living without parents at different stages of pre-adulthood and individual physical and mental health in adulthood. Frontiers in public health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.992539
Kabamalan, M. M. (2022). 1 in 3 Filipino youth grew up without both parents. University of the Philippines Population Institute. https://www.uppi.upd.edu.ph/news/2022/1-in-3-filipino-youth-grew-up-without-both-parents
Khan, D. T., Carthy, T., Colson, B., Tenne, T., & Omer, H. (2019). Measuring Parental Anchoring: The Development and Validation of the Parental Anchoring Scale. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(2), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.2.7
Lacey, R. E., Zilanawala, A., Webb, E., Abell, J., & Bell, S. (2018). Parental absence in early childhood and onset of smoking and alcohol consumption before adolescence. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 103, 691-694. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310444
Langdridge, D. (2008). Phenomenology and critical social psychology: directions and debates in theory and research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, 1126–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00114.x
Nguyen, C. V., & Vu, L. H. (2022). Does Parental Absence Harm Children's Education? Evidence from Vietnam. GLO Discussion Paper, No. 1033. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/249206
Omer, H., Steinmetz, S. G., Carthy, T., & Von Schlippe, A. (2013). The Anchoring Function: Parental Authority and the Parent-Child Bond. Family Process, 52, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12019
Pajaron, M., Latinazo, C. T., & Trinidad, E. G. (2020). The children are alright: Revisiting the impact of parental migration in the Philippines. GLO Discussion Paper, No. 507. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/215517
Philippines Statistics Authority. (2021). 2020 Census of Population and Housing. https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president
Rendeza, K. (2017). HEARTS APART: THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL MIGRATION ON THE LIFE OF LEFT-BEHIND FILIPINO ADOLESCENTS. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.33.301318
Steppan, M., Whitehead, R., McEachran, J., & Currie, C. (2019). Family composition and age at menarche: Findings from the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. Reproductive Health, 16, 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0822-6
UK Statistics Authority. (2022, October 21). Ethical Principles. Statistics for the Public Good. https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/the-authority-board/committees/national-statisticians-advisory-committees-and-panels/national-statisticians-data-ethics-advisory-committee/ethical-principles/
UNICEF. (2021). Children in alternative care. https://www.unicef.org/protection/children-in-alternative-care
Wasserman, M. (2020). The disparate effects of family structure. The Future of Children, 30(1), 55-82. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1262713.pdf
Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Li, J., Guan, S., Wang, K., Xu, H., & Liu, Z. (2022). Effect of parental absence during infancy and early childhood on cognition and depression in later life: A national household longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 319, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.113
Zhou, M., Sun, X., Huang, L., Zhang, G., Kenny, K., Xue, H., Auden, E., & Rozelle, S. (2018). Parental Migration and Left-Behind Children's Depressive Symptoms: Estimation Based on a Nationally-Representative Panel Dataset. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(6), 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061069
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Arlyn M. Donaire, Remele L. Ente, Roger Paul Fuentes, Ryann B. LaBad, Maria Elizabeth N. Lebosada, Maryjane B. Omandam (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.